考研英语阅读Text3【19】

Text 3

 

This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein, or. The Modem Prometheus by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many chical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.

 

Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (An) raises fundamental questions: "What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? what makes humans humans? What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi Tv series such as"Westworld and"Humans".

 

Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist, "We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”

 

But that doesn't mean crucial ethical issues involving Al aren't at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles. for example poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometime make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes.Input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI "vision"today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.

 

Whenever decisions are based on masses of data. "you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions, "notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of Al. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its Al ethics strategy this spring.

 

On June 7 Google pledged not to"design or deploy Ar" that would cause"overall harm, "or to develop Al-directed weapons or use Al for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.

 

While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point, So does the idea that decisions made by Al systems should be explainable, transparent. and fair.

 

To put it another way. How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.

 

31. Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned because

A. fascinates Al scientists all over the world

B.has remained popular for as long as 200 years.

C. involves some concerns raised by Al today

D.has sparked serious ethical controversies

 

32. In David Eagleman's opinion, our current knowledge of consciousness

A. helps explain artificial intelligence.

B. can be misleading to robot making

C. inspires popular sci-fi TV series

D.is too limited for us to reproduce it

 

33.The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles

A. can hardly ever be found.

B. is still beyond our capacity

C. causes little public concern

D.has aroused much curiosity

 

34. The authors attitude toward Google’s pledges is one of

A. Affirmation B. skepticism C. contempt D. respect

 

35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

A. Al’s Future: In the Hands of Tech giants

B. Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of A

C. The Conscience of Al: Complex But Inevitable

D. AI Shall Be Killers once out of Control