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美军舰载机飞行员的救生训练:捆绑蒙眼大头朝下“浸猪笼”【2】

2019-06-29

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美军舰载机飞行员的救生训练:捆绑蒙眼大头朝下“浸猪笼”Life-saving training of US warship carrying pilots:Bundle the head down``dip cage'' .

 

飞行员被安全带固定在座椅上,周围是个跟座舱一样的密闭空间,门窗紧闭。飞行员带着眼罩,看不见任何东西,然后座舱被扔进几米深的垂直里,吊车的大轮子旋转180度,飞行员现在头朝下了,然后他必须在被憋死前,设法逃离——这不是密室逃脱,这是美军海航飞行员的海上逃生训练。

The pilot is fastened to the seat by a seat belt, surrounded by the same closed space as the cockpit, with doors and windows closed. The pilot wears an eye mask and can not see anything. Then the cockpit is thrown vertically into a several meters deep, the big wheel of the crane rotated 180 degrees, and the pilot now turned his head down, and then he has to try to escape before he is suffocated-it is not a secret room escape, but it is a sea escape training for US HNA pilots.

每隔四年,每名海航空勤人员就要重新进行一次逃生训练,以便复习和更新自己的技能,在飞机迫降或跳伞到海上时能存活。美军在多个航空基地提供这项课程。

Every four years, each HNA flight attendants undergo escape training again so as to review and update their skills to survive forced landing or parachuting to the sea. The US military offers the course at a number of aviation bases.

 

虽然这种训练看似很苛刻甚至有点可怕,但飞行员们都不敢怠慢,因为很多人都目睹过战友海上逃生的经历。

Although the training may seem harsh or even scary, pilots dare not neglect it because many people have witnessed the escape of comrades at the sea.

 

 

训练是分阶段的:The training is phased

简单的有穿着全套飞行装具、飞行靴的踩水和游泳测试;

Simple water stampede and swimming tests in full flight gear and flying boots

一边踩水一边用呼吸管给救生衣充气;

While stepping on the water, the lifejacket with a breathing tube is being inflating

 

体验座椅翻转落水的感觉;

Experience the feeling of seat flipping and falling into the water

从降落伞的缠绕中逃脱,而且还有电动滑轮在拖拽降落伞,把你往后拖,这是为了模拟降落伞被洋流或大风吹动的场景。

Escape from the entanglement of the parachute, and there are electric pulleys dragging the parachute back to simulate the parachute being blown by ocean currents or strong winds.

因为这个静止条件下的降落伞挣脱完全不同,有时候会让一名已经安全跳伞的飞行员丧命。

Because the parachute in this static condition is completely different, it sometimes kills a pilot who has parachuted safely.

模拟狂风大雨、暗夜条件下的逃生与救生;

Simulate strong wind and heavy rain, escape and save lives under dark night conditions

各类海上生存装具的使用。

the use of all kinds of marine survival equipment.

最后的一关,就是所谓dunker,活像“浸猪笼”,在一个模拟的直升机座舱内,带着不透明的眼罩,被固定在座椅上,放入几米深的水中,还被倒置,然后设法解开安全带,摸索到出口,打开门窗,逃生到水面,打开救生筏爬进去。安全员会在一旁监视,防止真的有人被卡住或被淹死。

The last pass is that the so-called dunker looks like a "pig cage". In a simulated helicopter cockpit, wearing an opaque blindfold, it is fixed to the seat, put into a few meters of water, and inverted, and then tries to unfasten the seat belt, grope to the exit, open the doors and windows, escape to the surface of the water, and open the raft to climb in. The security guard will watch to prevent real people from getting stuck or drowning.

 

里面最核心的就是在空间翻转的情况下,用手抓住舱内的某个参考点,据此来判断自己的相对姿态,以及摸索判断正确的逃生路径。

The core of it is to grasp a reference point in the cabin with your hand in the case of space reversal, so as to judge your relative posture and find out the correct escape path.

 

课程持续两天,是对飞行员可能遇到危险的综合考验。

The course, which lasts for two days, is a comprehensive test of the dangers that pilots may encounter.

 

喷气机飞行员也要参加直升机dunker模拟舱的脱逃训练,虽然他们不驾驶直升机,但会经常成为直升机的乘客,有备无患!

 The pilots of the jet engine also have to take part in helicopter dunker simulation-module escape training. Although they do not fly helicopters, they will often become helicopter passengers and prepared!

 

甚至两名《纽约时报》的记者也被要求参加这个训练,才能获准在阿富汗战区搭乘F/A-18的后座体验采访。

Even two reporters of New York Times were asked to take part in the training in order to be allowed to take F/A-18 's seat at the back to experience interview in the Afghan war zone.

 

训练官员表示,培训的目的是基于统计数据,每年海军都会损失8-10架喷气机,所以通过2天的教学,能让机组成员们掌握必备的求生技能非常有必要。

Training officials say according to the purpose of the training on the basis of statistics the navy loses 8 to 10 jet engines every year, so it is necessary to equip crew members with the necessary survival skills by two days of teaching. 

 

对于那些不太配合的复训军官,教官们会说:“好吧,如果你们能保证你永远不会用上这些培训内容,那你们就坐在后面玩Iphone吧!”于是大家都老实了。

For those retrained officers who are not very cooperative, the instructors will say, "well, if you can guarantee that you will never use this training, then sit in the back and play iphone!" So everyone was honest.

 

F/A-18飞行员Jonathan Farley深有感触。2007年底他在西海岸参加过培训。结果某次搭乘MH-60直升机时救出事了。本来是搭顺风机回航母,结果演习变成真的。

Jonathan Farley, the F/A-18 pilot, was deeply touched. He trained on the West Coast at the end of 2007. As a result, an accident occurred while taking the MH-60 helicopter. Originally, the fan was used to return to the aircraft carrier, but the exercise became true.

 

一路上他突然注意到驾驶舱仪表盘上多个警告灯在闪,旁边的一名空勤人员指着大海,然后努力固定住自己。直升机下坠。没有时间准备,Farley中尉遇到直升机坠海逃生事件了。

Along the way, he suddenly noticed one more warning lights was flashing on the cockpit dashboard. An aircrew next to him pointed to the sea and then tried to secure himself. The helicopter fell. There was no time to prepare for Lieutenant Farley's escape from a helicopter crash.

飞行员设法控制住飞机,尽量轻柔地迫降在海面,但飞机立即翻转过来,冰冷的水马上涌进机舱,包围所有的人,他们正在下沉。

The pilot managed to control the plane and made a forced land on the sea as gently as possible, but the plane immediately flipped over, the cold water immediately poured into the cabin, surrounding all the people and sinking. 

 

Farley中尉马上按照培训的要领,迅速抓住一个参考点,在海水没顶之前深吸一口气,并解开安全带。

Lieutenant Farley immediately grasped a reference point according to the essentials of the training, took a deep breath before the sea ran out of water and unfastened his seat belt.

 

当他脱离座位时,他什么都看不见,他把自己拽向他认为可能逃脱的方向,但迷了路。他不记得出口的位置,但他必须冷静,按照参考点去找。在他窒息之前,他终于最后一个浮出了水面。

When he left his seat, he couldn't see anything. He pulled himself in the direction he thought he might escape, but lost his way.He didn't remember the location of the exit, but he had to calm down and follow the reference point.Before he suffocated, he finally is the last one to surface.

 

机上每个人都存活了,2名飞行员,3名空勤,2名乘客。一起的另一架直升机赶紧把他们捞了上来。

Everyone on board survived, including 2 pilots, 3 aircrew and 2 passengers.The other helicopter picked them up quickly.

 

这种基于模拟舱的训练科目二战时就有了。

This kind of training subject based on simulation cabin was available during World War II.

 

海军航空生存计划NASTP包含两个内容:

The Naval Aviation Survival Plan NASTP consists of two elements:

 

航空生理培训:让空勤人员了解飞行相关的生理危害;

Aeronautical physiology training: let aircrew understand the physiological hazards related to flight;

 

航空水上培训:提升空勤人员海上的求生技能和信心。

Aeronautical water training:Improve the survival skills and confidence of aircrew at the sea.

具体课程内容包括:航空生理学,人为因素,氧气设备,减压,感官生理学,夜间视力,生存急救,航空维生设备,出口,弹射座椅,水上生存,生存游泳,救援程序,降落伞,补充应急呼吸装置SEBD,海上求生,水下出口等。

The specific courses include aerophysiology, human factors, oxygen equipment, decompression, sensory physiology, night vision, survival first aid, aviation survival equipment, exit, ejection seat, water survival, survival swimming, rescue program, parachute, supplementary emergency breathing device SEBD, maritime survival, underwater exit and so on. 

 

培训因人而异分为四类:

There are four categories of training that vary from person to person:

 

机组人员初训——空勤人员的首次;

First training of crew——the first time of Aircrew

 

机组人员复训——空勤人员每4年必须复训一次;

Resumption of crew training——aircrews must be retrained every four years;

 

非空勤人员培训——陆战队员、乘客、其他需要搭乘飞机的人;

Non-aircrew training——gyrenes, passengers, other people who need to fly;

 

非飞机专用培训——针对车辆驾驶员、成员等,避免落水丧生。

Non-aircraft training——for vehicle drivers and members, to avoid falling into the water to die. 

 

针对的人员包括:海军、陆战队、空军、海岸警卫队人员。

The target personnel including Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, Coast Guard personnel.

尤其是针对车辆驾驶员,还有专门的一个猪笼模拟器,前半截是最常见的“悍马”,后半截是履带式运兵车,训练方法一样,让全副武装的陆战队、陆军训练如何在车辆落水后逃生。

Especially for vehicle drivers, there is also a special "pig cage" simulator, the first half of which is the most common "Hummer".The second half is a crawler personnel carrier in the same way, leting the heavily armed Marines and the army train obtain how to escape after the vehicle fell into the water.

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